Taupoki urunga hirakate tutuki i ngā paerewa haumaru o te US me te EU mō ngā kaihanga e hiahia ana ki te uru atu ki ēnei mākete. E whakaatu ana ngā paerewa ture i te hiranga o te haumaru hua, te tapanga tika, me ngā whakaaro taiao. Mā te piri ki ēnei whakaritenga, ka taea e ngā kaihanga te tiaki i a rātou anō mai i ngā whiu ture me te whakatipu i te whakawhirinaki o ngā kaihoko. He mea nui kia whakatairangahia e ngā kaihanga te tutuki i ngā paerewa kia tutuki ai ā rātou hua urunga hiraka i ngā ture pakari, kia eke ai ki te painga whakataetae.

Ngā Whakaaro Matua

• Me whai ngā kaihanga i ngā ture haumaru o te US me te EU kia taea ai te hoko hua, kia whiwhi ai hoki i te whakawhirinaki o ngā kaihoko. Me whakamātau rātou i te haumaru ahi me ngā matū kino.
• Me tika ngā tapanga. Me whakaatu te momo muka, te āhua o te horoi, me te wāhi i hangaia ai te hua. Mā tēnei ka āwhina i ngā kaihoko ki te whiriwhiri whakaaro nui me te whakawhirinaki ki te waitohu.
• He mea nui te noho hoa-taiao. Ko te whakamahi i ngā rauemi me ngā tikanga matomato he mea e tutuki ai ngā ture, ā, e kukume ana i ngā kaihoko e aroha ana ki te ao tūroa.

Te Whakatutukitanga o te Taupoki Urunga Hiraka: Te Whakatutuki i ngā Paerewa Haumaru o te US me te EU

Tirohanga Whānui mō te Whakatutukitanga o te US

Me piri ngā kaihanga e aro ana ki te mākete o Amerika ki ngā paerewa haumaru me ngā ture mō ngā urunga hiraka. E tirotirohia ana e te Komihana Haumaru Hua Kaihoko (CPSC) te nuinga o ēnei whakaritenga, me te whakarite kia tutuki ngā hua i ngā paearu haumaru i mua i te urunga ki te mākete. Ko tētahi wāhanga nui ko ngā paerewa mura. Me piri ngā urunga hiraka ki te Ture Kakahu Mura (FFA), e whakahau ana kia whakamātautauhia hei whakaū i te ātete o te papanga ki te mura i raro i ngā āhuatanga motuhake. Mēnā kāore e tutuki ana ngā whakaritenga, ka puta he whakahokinga mai o ngā hua, he whiu ture rānei.

Ko te haumaru matū tētahi atu whakaaro nui. Ko te US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) te kaiwhakahaere o te whakamahinga o ngā matū i roto i ngā kakahu i raro i te Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). Me whakarite e ngā kaihanga kāore he matū kino i roto i ngā tae, ngā whakaotinga, me ētahi atu maimoatanga e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā urunga hiraka. He maha ngā wā e hiahiatia ana he whakamātautau me te tiwhikete hei manatoko i te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga.

He mea nui anō hoki ngā whakaritenga tapanga ki te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga a te US. Ka whakamanahia e te Federal Trade Commission (FTC) te Ture Tautuhi Hua Muka Kakahu, e whakahau ana kia tapaina tika ngā ihirangi muka, te whenua taketake, me ngā tohutohu tiaki. Mā te tapanga mārama me te pono ka āwhina i ngā kaihoko ki te whakatau hoko whai whakaaro, ā, ka hanga whakawhirinaki ki te waitohu.

Tirohanga Whānui mō te Whakatutukitanga o te EU

He rite tonu te kaha o ngā ture a te Kotahitanga o Ūropi ki ngā urunga hiraka hei tiaki i ngā kaihoko me te taiao. Ko te Aratohu Haumaru Hua Whānui (GPSD) te tūāpapa mō te haumaru hua i roto i te EU. E hiahiatia ana e tēnei aratohu kia whakarite ngā kaihanga kei te haumaru ā rātou hua mō te whakamahi i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa me ngā āhuatanga e kitea ana. Mō ngā urunga hiraka, kei roto i tēnei ko te tutuki i ngā paerewa haumaru mura me te haumaru matū.

Ko te ture Rēhita, Aromatawai, Whakamanatanga, me te Herenga o ngā Matū (REACH) e whakahaere ana i te whakamahinga o ngā matū i roto i ngā kakahu puta noa i te EU. Me tautuhi me te whakawhāiti e ngā kaihanga te aroaro o ngā matū kino i roto i ā rātou hua. Ko te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga REACH he maha ngā wā ka uru ki te tuku tuhinga taipitopito me te whai whakamātautau a te hunga tuatoru.

Kei roto i te Ture Kakahu (EU) Nama 1007/2011 ngā paerewa tapanga i roto i te EU. E hiahiatia ana e tēnei ture kia whakaratohia e ngā kaihanga ngā mōhiohio tika mō te hanganga muka me ngā tohutohu tiaki. Me mārama, me mārama te pānui, me te tuhi i ngā tapanga ki te reo/ngā reo mana o te whenua e hokona ana te hua. Mēnā kāore e tutuki ngā whakaritenga, ka taea te whiu, te aukati rānei i te urunga ki te mākete.

Haunga te haumaru me te tapanga, e aro nui ana te EU ki te oranga tonutanga o te taiao. E akiaki ana te Eco-Design Directive i ngā kaihanga kia whai whakaaro ki te pānga taiao o ā rātou hua puta noa i te huringa ora. Mō ngā urunga hiraka, ka uru pea tēnei ki te whakamahi i ngā tae e pai ana ki te taiao, te whakaiti i te whakamahinga wai i te wā e whakaputa ana, me te whakamahi i ngā tikanga takai oranga tonutanga.

Ngā Wāhi Whakahaere Matua mō ngā Taupoki Urunga Hiraka

Ngā Paerewa Mumura

He mea nui te mahi a ngā paerewa mura ki te whakarite i te haumaru o ngā urunga hiraka. E hiahiatia ana e ngā whakahaere ture i te US me te EU kia whakamātauria e ngā kaihanga ā rātou hua mō te ātete ahi. I te United States, e whakahau ana te Ture Kakahu Mura (FFA) kia whakamātauria ngā urunga hiraka kia pakari ai te kaha ki te ātete i te mura. Ka whaihanga ēnei whakamātautau i ngā āhuatanga o te ao tūturu, pērā i te pānga ki ngā mura tuwhera, ki ngā pāmahana teitei rānei.

E whakatinanahia ana e te Kotahitanga o Ūropi ngā whakaritenga ōrite i raro i te Aratohu Haumaru Hua Whānui (GPSD). Me whakaatu e ngā kaihanga kei te tutuki ā rātou hua i ngā paearu mura hei ārai i ngā tūponotanga e pā ana ki te ahi. Ko te hanganga ture ko te tuku i ngā hua whakamātautau me ngā tiwhikete ki ngā mana whakahaere.

Tohutohu:Me mahi tahi ngā kaihanga me ngā taiwhanga whakamātautau whaimana kia tika ai ngā hua, kia kore ai hoki e whakaroa te urunga ki te mākete.

Te Haumaru Matū me ngā Rauemi

Mā ngā ture haumaru matū me ngā rauemi ka tiakina ngā kaihoko mai i te pānga ki ngā matū kino. I te US, ko te Ture Whakahaere Matū Paitini (TSCA) te kaiwhakahaere i te whakamahinga o ngā matū i roto i ngā kakahu, tae atu ki ngā urunga hiraka. Me manatoko e ngā kaihanga kei roto i ā rātou hua he matū kino pēnei i te formaldehyde, ngā konganuku taumaha, me ngā tae kua aukatia.

He tino kaha ake ngā whakaritenga e whakatakotoria ana e te ture REACH a te EU. Me tautuhi, me whakawhāiti hoki e ngā kaihanga te aroaro o ngā matū tino āwangawanga (SVHC) i roto i ā rātou hua. He maha ngā wā ka uru ki tēnei tukanga ngā tuhinga taipitopito me ngā whakamātautau a te hunga tuatoru.

Tuhipoka:Mā te whakamahi i ngā tae me ngā maimoatanga e pai ana ki te taiao ka māmā ake te whakatutuki i ngā paerewa haumaru matū, ā, ka whakarei ake anō hoki i te ataahua o te hua ki ngā kaihoko e aro nui ana ki te taiao.

Ngā Whakaritenga mō te Tapanga me te Tākai

He mea nui te tapanga tika me te takai pumau mō te tutuki i ngā ture me te whakawhirinaki o ngā kaihoko. I te US, ka whakamanahia e te Federal Trade Commission (FTC) te Ture Tautuhi Hua Muka Kakahu. E hiahiatia ana e tēnei ture kia tapangahia e ngā kaihanga ngā urunga hiraka me te ihirangi muka, te whenua i ahu mai ai, me ngā tohutohu tiaki. Me mārama, me pakari hoki ngā tapanga kia ātete ai ki te horoinga maha.

E whakamārama ana te Ture Kakahu a te EU (EU) Nama 1007/2011 i ngā whakaritenga ōrite. Me whakarato ngā tapanga i ngā mōhiohio taipitopito mō te hanganga muka me ngā tohutohu tiaki i roto i te reo/ngā reo mana o te mākete ūnga. Hei tāpiri, e akiaki ana te EU i ngā kaihanga ki te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tākai tauwhiro i raro i te Ture Hoahoa-Eko.

Karanga:Ehara i te mea mā te tapanga mārama e whakarite kia tutukihia ngā whakaritenga anake, engari ka āwhina hoki i ngā kaihoko ki te whakatau kaupapa hoko whai whakaaro, e poipoi ana i te pono ki te waitohu.

Ngā Mōrearea Whakatutukitanga me ngā Mahi Pai rawa atu

Ngā Mōrearea Whakatutukitanga Noa

He maha ngā tūponotanga ture e pā ana ki ngā kaihanga urunga hiraka, ka pā kino pea ki te urunga ki te mākete me te ingoa o te waitohu. Ko tētahi o ngā tūponotanga tino kitea ko te kore e tika te whakamātautau mō te mura me te haumaru matū. Ko ngā hua kāore e tutuki i ngā paerewa ture, ka taea te whakahoki mai, te whaina, te aukati rānei i ngā mākete matua.

Ko tētahi atu mōrearea nui e ahu mai ana i te tapanga hē. Mēnā ka ngaro, ka hē rānei ngā mōhiohio mō te ihirangi muka, ngā tohutohu tiaki, te whenua taketake rānei, ka kore e tutuki ngā ture o te US me te EU. Ehara i te mea ka puta he whiu anake, engari ka whakaiti hoki i te whakawhirinaki o ngā kaihoko.

Kei te piki haere hoki ngā mōrearea e pā ana ki te oranga tonutanga. Mēnā kāore e whakamahia ngā tikanga atawhai taiao, pērā i te whakamahi i ngā tae oranga tonutanga, i ngā takai hangarua rānei, ka taea e ngā kaihoko e aro nui ana ki te taiao te noho tawhiti atu. Heoi anō, mā te kore e tutuki i ngā tohutohu taiao pērā i te Ture Hoahoa-Taiao a te EU ka aukati pea i te urunga atu ki te mākete.

Tohutohu:Mā ngā arotake auau me ngā whakamātautau a te hunga tuatoru ka āwhina i ngā kaihanga ki te tautuhi me te whakatika i ngā āputa ture i mua i te taenga o ngā hua ki te mākete.

Ngā Tikanga Pai rawa atu mō ngā Kaihanga

Mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga pai ka taea te whakapai ake i te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga me te whakarei ake i te uara o te waitohu. Hei tauira, mā te kimi rauemi matatika ka whakapakari i te ahua o te waitohu mā te kukume i ngā kaihoko e whakatairanga ana i ngā tikanga tika. Ka whakaitihia hoki ngā mōrearea e pā ana ki te kimi rauemi kore matatika, ka tiakina te ingoa o te waitohu.

Me noho tonu te oranga tonutanga hei kaupapa matua. Ka taea e ngā kaihanga te whakatutuki i te hiahia o ngā kaihoko mō ngā hua e pai ana ki te taiao mā te whakamahi i ngā tae oranga tonutanga, te whakaiti i te whakamahinga wai, me te whiriwhiri i ngā takai hangarua. Ehara i te mea ka whakangāwari noa iho ēnei mahi i te whakatutukitanga i ngā ture taiao, engari ka whakatairanga hoki i te pono o ngā kaihoko me te akiaki i ngā hoko.

Ko te tapanga mārama, tika hoki tētahi atu tikanga pai rawa atu. Me whakarite e ngā kaihanga kia tutuki i ngā tapanga ngā whakaritenga ture katoa, tae atu ki te hanganga muka, ngā tohutohu tiaki, me te whenua taketake. Mā ngā tapanga pakari e ātete ana ki te horoi ka pai ake te makona o te kaihoko, ka whakaiti hoki i te tūponotanga o te kore tutuki i ngā whakaritenga.

Karanga:Mā te mahi tahi me ngā taiwhanga whakamātautau whaimana, me te noho mōhio tonu ki ngā huringa ture, ka taea te whakahaere i ngā mahi tutuki i ngā whakaritenga me te ārai i ngā hapa utu nui.

Mā te tutuki i ngā ture o te US me te EU ka taea te whakarite kia uru atu ki te mākete me te whakawhirinaki mai o ngā kaihoko. Me arotahi ngā kaihanga ki te whakamātautau pakari, ki te tuhi tuhinga tika, me te aroturuki i ngā whakahoutanga ture.

Tohutohu:Ka taea e ngā tohunga umanga te whakahaere i ngā mahi tutuki ture me te whakaiti i ngā mōrearea. Ehara i te mea ko ngā mahi matatika anake hei ārai i ngā whiu engari hei whakarei ake hoki i te ingoa o te waitohu me te angitu o te mākete.

Ngā Pātai Auau

He aha ngā whiu mō te kore e tutuki i ngā ture mō ngā urunga hiraka?

Mā te kore e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga ka hua ake he whiu, he whakahokinga mai i ngā hua, he aukati rānei i ngā mākete matua. Tērā pea ka pāngia ngā kaihanga e te kino o te ingoa pai, ka ngaro hoki te whakawhirinaki o ngā kaihoko.

Tohutohu:Mā ngā arotake auau me ngā kōrero tahi a ngā tohunga ka āwhina i te karo i ēnei whiu.

Me pēhea e taea ai e ngā kaihanga te whakarite kia tutukihia e rātou ngā paerewa haumaru matū?

Me whakahaere e ngā kaihanga ngā whakamātautau a te hunga tuatoru, me pupuri ngā tuhinga taipitopito, me te whakamahi i ngā tae me ngā maimoatanga e pai ana ki te taiao hei whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga haumaru matū i te US me te EU.

He whakaritenga motuhake mō te oranga tonutanga mō ngā urunga hiraka?

Ae, e akiaki ana te EU i ngā mahi tauwhiro i raro i te Eco-Design Directive. Me whakamahi ngā kaihanga i ngā takai hangarua, me whakaiti te whakamahinga wai, me te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakaputa e pai ana ki te taiao.

Tuhipoka:Ka taea hoki e ngā mahi tauwhiro te kukume mai i ngā kaihoko e aro nui ana ki te taiao.